Tuesday, February 3, 2009
Monday, February 2, 2009
Breed Standards
A lot is said about the 'Breed Standard' and much more written about 'it' even though, in fact, there is not one Breed Standard but at least six in existence today.
One of these is the UK Standard, recently revised by the Tibetan Mastiff Club of GB and now accepted by the UK Kennel Club; one has recently been drafted for the FCI and came into force in late 2004; a new Standard has been drafted by members of the American Tibetan Mastiff Association in the USA and voted in by a huge majority of those ATMA members: this Standard has become the official TM Standard accepted by the American Kennel Club now that the first moves have been made to take the breed under their auspices; another, from a smaller US Tibetan Mastiff club, has been in existence for some time, as has a Standard drafted by the New Zealand Kennel Club and one drawn up for the Chinese Tibetan Mastiff Club.
The oldest Standard for the breed is the Bylandt Standard of 1904, which was published in four languages. It would seem that this Standard was drafted with the help of those knowledgeable about the Tibetan Mastiffs which had, by the end of the 19th century, been sent out of Tibet, mainly to various rulers of European countries. It is more than likely that Siring, owned by the then British king, Edward the Seventh but given to him when he was still Prince of Wales, was one such dog which would have had an influence on the wording of the Standard. Other dogs would have been those sent to the German Emperor and those brought back by the Hungarian nobleman Count Szechenyi.In 1934 the Tibetan Breeds Club (of Great Britain ) drafted a Standard for use in the UK. This worthy Standard was drawn up by a number of old India and Tibet hands including the Hon. Mrs. Bailey whose love for the Tibetan breeds and her efforts to breed Tibetan Mastiffs in particular, played such a noteworthy part in the history of the breed in this country. Her effect on the breed during the middle years of the 20th century cannot be dismissed lightly and neither can her knowledge of Tibetan breeds.It was not until the 1970s that any new Standards appeared, this was the first FCI Standard for the TM and came into force in 1977. In the mid 80s a Standard was drafted by the American Tibetan Mastiff Association following the introduction of the breed to the US. This was followed fairly shortly afterwards by a revision of the UK Standard, this time based very closely on the new ATMA Standard.
After the breed had become established in the UK once again and a Club formed, an effort was made to draft a Standard which more closely reflected the Tibetan Mastiffs recorded in the writings of travellers to Tibet. Indeed in this effort, the Club was assisted immensely by people who were involved in the drafting of the Tibetan Breeds Association TM Standard in the 1930s. Regretably the only change the Kennel Club here saw fit to include was mention of spectacles. Another effort was made to review the UK Standard in 1994 and it is that revision which has now finally been accepted by the Kennel Club.This revised UK Standard will not enjoy the relevance it once would have done, since, apparently, Patronage for our breed was assumed by the FCI , possibly in 1989, but unknown to most here. Quite why the FCI should have adopted our Standard in 1996 escapes us but now advisers to the FCI have come up with the new Standard which will cover FCI countries. It could be said that the UK and the US will not be affected directly by this Standard but in todays world where more and more TMs are being exported, and shown in countries other than those of origin, every important Standard must be paid heed.
Sunday, February 1, 2009
Do Khyi vs. Tsang Khyi
The ancient barophagus that went extinct in the Tertiary period is believed to be the ancestor of the TM. The original name for TM in Tibet was "Do-Khyi". A lot has been written of the breed since 1121 B.C.; this is when a Chinese manuscript was dated telling of a Tibetan delegation giving as a symbol of friendship "a big dog" to the Emperor of China at the time, Wou-Wang. Marco Polo later described the TM as "a dog in the size of a donkey", "a cross-breed with tiger, fierce and wild", (the cattle in the area of northern China and Tibet was a lot smaller in size than modern cattle). It was mentioned as an unmutable and unconditional guard, prepared to kill every trespasser, man or animal. They were even used for hunting yak, bear and deer.There were mainly two different kinds of TM to protect the cattle and to help the village people: "bhotia"/"do-khyi", a lighter herding dog, and "tsang-khyi", watchdog in the yards. Bhotia wasn't a herding dog as we know sheepdogs today: it defended shepherds and cattle against wild animals and robbers. Tsang-khyi has been the guardian of monasteries and villages over the centuries. The most beautiful individuals of the tsang-khyi were called sang-khyi and were owned by persons in the highest positions in Tibet. This kind of dogs were sought after and a high status symbol. The two types mentioned above are also the ones that are mostly breeded in the west today: in the USA usually the larger tsang-khyi and in Europe the lighter do-khyi (bhotia). There has originally existed no less than five types of TM: dzi-khyi, naj-khyi, tsang-khyi, do-khyi and sgo-khyi. The breed came at a very early stage down to India, where it became shorter-haired - (this is likely to happen even today as modern representants of the breed are taken to warmer countries), and it travelled on from India further to Assyria. Skulls of dogs have been discovered in Persia and Syria dating from the Stone and Bronze Age, apparently belonging to the same family with the modern TM. It is difficult to find quite pure-breeded TM in Tibet, Nepal and the Himalaya area today; however, they are still used as watchdogs and sometimes as guardians of a caravan against wolves and robbers.Herodotos tells in early scripts of a large amount of Indian dogs kept in Babylon. The Romans and even the Greek used the TM on their military expeditions reaching as far west as Europe. These dogs "took part" even in the battle, and fought on the Roman arenas against bears, lions and gladiators.
Saturday, January 31, 2009
FAQ about Tibetan mastiff
Breed Characteristics
1. Why is there such a great variation in size and breed type in this breed?
This is one of the most frequently asked questions. Simply stated, the historically separate varieties/sub-varieties of Tibetan/Himalayan dogs (Tsang Khyi, Do-khyi, Himalayan Sheepdog, Bhotia, Bangara Mastiff, etc.) that were used to resurrect this breed and save it from extinction after the Chinese occupation of Tibet in the 1950’s, all appear in contemporary TM studbooks and are now all classified under one "Tibetan Mastiff" umbrella. In its native land, the Tibetan Mastiff, now known throughout FCI countries as the "Do-Khyi," was not found to be a standardized breed in appearance/phenotype as we have come to expect in Western civilization. Traditional Tibetan dog breeding was the result of geographic patterns and subject to climate extremes, rather than the intentional, thoughtful breeding process we associate with dog breeding today. The nomadic life of herdsmen was not conducive to developing a breeding program, and breed type (appearance) was not the main concern of the nomads. Function, based on physical soundness and a strong guardian disposition were the two most highly sought after and prized traits in the dogs. Genetics were neither completely understood nor readily employed by the early Tibetans in their production of dogs, therefore they failed to arrest the tendency of type variation that can be controlled by selective breeding programs now practiced in the West. Thus, dissimilar types and varieties developed in different regions. Those differences (mastiff vs. shepherd/mountain dog) are still plainly seen in different breeding programs today. To better explain this discrepancy, in 1901, Mr. L. Jacob spoke of his most recent trek into Tibet:
"A group of twenty Thibetan (Mastiff) dogs might be taken at random, and if arranged in line, the most mastiff-like animal at one flank and the most sheepdog-like at the other, the rest being sorted in between by gradation, it would be absolutely impossible to say where the one variety ended and the other began."
Yet, the difference between the most "mastiff-like" and most "sheepdog-like" types of TMs he describes are no doubt great, to say the least, with tremendous differences in type and size, and even temperament. The same holds true today, more than 100 years later! The two most often seen and historically documented varieties of Tibetan Mastiffs that Mr. Jacob spoke of are known today as the Tsang-Khyi and the Do-Khyi, the former considered to be the finest, largest and most valuable dogs, the latter the more commonly seen smaller variety. The best description of the mastiff Tsang-Khyi variety was given by Mr. W. Gill in his narrative of a journey through China and Eastern Tibet to Burma in 1880:
"The chief had a huge dog, kept in a cage on the top of the wall at the entrance. It was a very heavily built black-and-tan, the tan of a very good colour; his coat was rather long, but smooth; he had a bushy tail, smooth tan legs, and an enormous head that seemed out of proportion to the body, very much like that of a bloodhound in shape with overhanging lips. His bloodshot eyes were very deep-set, and his ears were flat and drooping. He had tan spots over the eyes, and a tan spot on the breast. He measured four feet from the point of the nose to the root of the tail, and two feet ten inches in height at the shoulder [34"!]. He was three years old, and was of the true Tibetan [Mastiff] breed."
A very clear, descriptive picture for us today in reference to type and specific cross-referencing pertaining to giant size. The largest Tsang Khyi type of dogs were often found in the monasteries serving as stationary guardians, gifts to the monks so that the owner might find favor in God's eyes. Others were sold to the wealthy as courtyard guardians, as few people could afford to feed such a large animal, while the smaller, more common shepherd-like Do-Khyi remained in the villages, in the pastures, with the caravans and on the trail with the nomads functioning in more of a livestock/flock guardian capacity. The first imports that reached U.S. shores some forty years ago were from this wide, overly diverse gene base, varying in type, quality and authenticity depending upon their area of origin and the influence of other environmental factors. While these early U.S. imports represented the myriad of varieties referenced by Mr. L. Jacob in his narrative, the majority of present day TMs can now begin to be classified in the two distinct types of dogs historically known as the Tibetan Mastiff: the mastiff-like Tsang-Khyi and the shepherd-like Do-Khyi. Although the gap between the two types was often blurred and is bridged through the blending of contemporary bloodlines, a wide range of differences can still be seen in size, breed type, and at times, temperament.
BUYER BEWARE, if you are looking for the giant, historic mastiff type, the majority of TM breeders have the smaller mountain-type of dog and do not acknowledge nor differentiate between the varieties. Examine photos and videos carefully and have heights and weights documented! A breeder's guesstimations about size and weight are often misquoted or even exaggerated due to inexperience or wishful thinking that their dogs are actually of the mastiff variety, perhaps even in hopes of selling their Do-Khyi puppies into Tsang Khyi homes! This is a tremendous disservice to buyers wanting a specific type of dog, especially when there dog seems to stop growing at one year of age, never meeting their size and type expectations. Whenever possible, be sure to visit and actually see the dogs for yourself insure you get what you are looking for. Buyers wanting a shepherd/mountain dog should have one, and buyers wanting a mastiff-typed guardian should be able to get what they want too.
1. Why is there such a great variation in size and breed type in this breed?
This is one of the most frequently asked questions. Simply stated, the historically separate varieties/sub-varieties of Tibetan/Himalayan dogs (Tsang Khyi, Do-khyi, Himalayan Sheepdog, Bhotia, Bangara Mastiff, etc.) that were used to resurrect this breed and save it from extinction after the Chinese occupation of Tibet in the 1950’s, all appear in contemporary TM studbooks and are now all classified under one "Tibetan Mastiff" umbrella. In its native land, the Tibetan Mastiff, now known throughout FCI countries as the "Do-Khyi," was not found to be a standardized breed in appearance/phenotype as we have come to expect in Western civilization. Traditional Tibetan dog breeding was the result of geographic patterns and subject to climate extremes, rather than the intentional, thoughtful breeding process we associate with dog breeding today. The nomadic life of herdsmen was not conducive to developing a breeding program, and breed type (appearance) was not the main concern of the nomads. Function, based on physical soundness and a strong guardian disposition were the two most highly sought after and prized traits in the dogs. Genetics were neither completely understood nor readily employed by the early Tibetans in their production of dogs, therefore they failed to arrest the tendency of type variation that can be controlled by selective breeding programs now practiced in the West. Thus, dissimilar types and varieties developed in different regions. Those differences (mastiff vs. shepherd/mountain dog) are still plainly seen in different breeding programs today. To better explain this discrepancy, in 1901, Mr. L. Jacob spoke of his most recent trek into Tibet:
"A group of twenty Thibetan (Mastiff) dogs might be taken at random, and if arranged in line, the most mastiff-like animal at one flank and the most sheepdog-like at the other, the rest being sorted in between by gradation, it would be absolutely impossible to say where the one variety ended and the other began."
Yet, the difference between the most "mastiff-like" and most "sheepdog-like" types of TMs he describes are no doubt great, to say the least, with tremendous differences in type and size, and even temperament. The same holds true today, more than 100 years later! The two most often seen and historically documented varieties of Tibetan Mastiffs that Mr. Jacob spoke of are known today as the Tsang-Khyi and the Do-Khyi, the former considered to be the finest, largest and most valuable dogs, the latter the more commonly seen smaller variety. The best description of the mastiff Tsang-Khyi variety was given by Mr. W. Gill in his narrative of a journey through China and Eastern Tibet to Burma in 1880:
"The chief had a huge dog, kept in a cage on the top of the wall at the entrance. It was a very heavily built black-and-tan, the tan of a very good colour; his coat was rather long, but smooth; he had a bushy tail, smooth tan legs, and an enormous head that seemed out of proportion to the body, very much like that of a bloodhound in shape with overhanging lips. His bloodshot eyes were very deep-set, and his ears were flat and drooping. He had tan spots over the eyes, and a tan spot on the breast. He measured four feet from the point of the nose to the root of the tail, and two feet ten inches in height at the shoulder [34"!]. He was three years old, and was of the true Tibetan [Mastiff] breed."
A very clear, descriptive picture for us today in reference to type and specific cross-referencing pertaining to giant size. The largest Tsang Khyi type of dogs were often found in the monasteries serving as stationary guardians, gifts to the monks so that the owner might find favor in God's eyes. Others were sold to the wealthy as courtyard guardians, as few people could afford to feed such a large animal, while the smaller, more common shepherd-like Do-Khyi remained in the villages, in the pastures, with the caravans and on the trail with the nomads functioning in more of a livestock/flock guardian capacity. The first imports that reached U.S. shores some forty years ago were from this wide, overly diverse gene base, varying in type, quality and authenticity depending upon their area of origin and the influence of other environmental factors. While these early U.S. imports represented the myriad of varieties referenced by Mr. L. Jacob in his narrative, the majority of present day TMs can now begin to be classified in the two distinct types of dogs historically known as the Tibetan Mastiff: the mastiff-like Tsang-Khyi and the shepherd-like Do-Khyi. Although the gap between the two types was often blurred and is bridged through the blending of contemporary bloodlines, a wide range of differences can still be seen in size, breed type, and at times, temperament.
BUYER BEWARE, if you are looking for the giant, historic mastiff type, the majority of TM breeders have the smaller mountain-type of dog and do not acknowledge nor differentiate between the varieties. Examine photos and videos carefully and have heights and weights documented! A breeder's guesstimations about size and weight are often misquoted or even exaggerated due to inexperience or wishful thinking that their dogs are actually of the mastiff variety, perhaps even in hopes of selling their Do-Khyi puppies into Tsang Khyi homes! This is a tremendous disservice to buyers wanting a specific type of dog, especially when there dog seems to stop growing at one year of age, never meeting their size and type expectations. Whenever possible, be sure to visit and actually see the dogs for yourself insure you get what you are looking for. Buyers wanting a shepherd/mountain dog should have one, and buyers wanting a mastiff-typed guardian should be able to get what they want too.
2. What can you tell me about the temperament of this breed?
The most consistent comment from TM owners is "What a challenge these dogs can be!" As a guardian breed developed to work apart from and instead of man, the TM has been bred and valued for its independent nature. In native Tibet, the dogs are allowed to roam freely at night to protect the village, home, family and flock from intruders and predators. Their deep, sepulcher-like bark heard sounding a warning throughout the night assured everyone that all would be well in the morning, when the dogs would be off duty. Consequently, the TM is much less active during daylight hours, napping with one eye open, just in case.
While these dogs are intelligent to a fault, they often choose not to listen or obey, seemingly fulfilling some higher calling. The Tibetan people believed in their ability to discern as dogs "who know a man’s heart." The Tibetan Mastiff expects to be treated like a companion, interacting with the family, not merely as a pet left outdoors. Pleasing people is foremost in the heart and mind of the Tibetan Mastiff, but like a stubborn child, they may have to be reminded more than once to complete the task at hand, requiring patience from the owner who must wait while the dog finishes its own agenda. While folklore and some historical accounts paint the picture of an aggressive, barking dog, it was actually the Tibetan people who preferred and encouraged aggressive behavior and barking in their dogs for function's sake. This was often accomplished by provoking chained dogs from puppyhood on. This temperament and behavior is encouraged and bred for throughout Asia to this day. Consequently, tales from Tibetan trekkers about "huge savage beasts lunging, straining and snarling at the end of heavy chains" take on a different perspective. This was learned and desired behavior for the native Tibetan dogs, and does not reflect negatively on their actual temperament as evidenced by their native reputation as "the defender of women and children."
On the other hand, successive generations of Western domestically bred and reared dogs have revealed a confident, reliable, and competent loyal family protector who desires primarily to maintain the sanctity and safety of the home turf, whether that be the home and family, or a pasture full of animals. Any temperament problems or excessive barking have been found to rest with individual dogs from certain bloodlines and not with the breed in general. The larger mastiff Tsang-Khyi examples of the breed make for quieter, more confident guardians in our experience.
3. What are the differences, if any, between the male and female temperament?
In regard to temperament, the sexes are equally reliable and stable, with the same male/female differences seen in any breed of canine. As for personalities, the male TM will often be a more carefree and independent soul, while the female has a more interactive, home/family focused demeanor, except for her periods of moodiness and crankiness associated with the breeding season. Both sexes offer equal protection and affection towards the family…they just show it differently.
4. How are TMs with other dogs and other animals?
The TM enjoys the company of the pack and excels with at least one canine companion. They can be very good with other animals, especially when introduced at a young age. Older dogs may require more of an adjustment period. As a flock guardian, the TM has an instinctive protective nature that encompasses his entire domain, and he usually will be top dog or "alpha" amongst his peers.
5. How is the breed suited for guarding, exhibition, and obedience work?
As a flock guardian breed the TM prefers to be a homebody, and puppies should be introduced to the perimeters of their turf early on and at regular intervals to help define and to cultivate their desire to protect their own property. If dogs are isolated and not socialized regularly, their tendency may be to bolt for open spaces in an eagerness to explore and familiarize themselves with an area, but they are not runners nor roamers. Their concept of their home turf goes beyond the fence line, and underground electric fencing with a shock collar is useless in this breed. Between their desire to explore their turf and their high pain tolerance, they would rather endure the voltage. A minimum of a six foot high fence around a quarter to half of an acre area or more is recommended. Outside the yard, if your dog is to remain faithfully at your side, it will have to be trained to do so and kept on a leash.
Teaching your puppy the basics of obedience at home from 2-4 months of age (the stay-at-home immune-acquiring vaccination period) such as sit, stay, and lay down; leash-breaking, bathing, and grooming etc., should be followed up by a basic obedience or conformation/handling class, attended by you and your dog, so that it learns to respond to you. A TM should never be sent to a training facility or trained by someone else.
As for exhibiting your dog in the show ring, the TM is well suited for the rigors of competition, and many of our dogs have become great ambassadors for the breed through distinguished show careers. If exhibition and/or obedience work is your goal, we will be able to select a suitable puppy to meet your needs, based upon years of observations and experience with our breeding stock, and we will be happy to help your puppy fulfill its potential in the show and obedience ring.
6. How is this breed temperamentally suited to children playing, guests in the home, and boredom if left alone?
TMs seem to have endless patience, especially when it comes to children, and can tolerate a lot of pestering. They can stay home alone all day if necessary with a good bone to chew on, providing they get regular attention from the family in the evening hours. A more primitive breed by nature, the TM is very "pack" oriented, thriving in the hierarchy and companionship that the pack provides. Accordingly, we strongly recommend daily interaction with another dog or "in-house" integration into the family structure. In either case, social interaction is vital for proper psychological development. Lonely, bored, solitary dogs may become destructive and/or overly needy, with tendencies towards dog aggression and problem barking. As for strange and/or new adults or children in the home, the TM will generally accept those people whom you accept if they are socialized with new people during puppyhood. A dog that has been regularly isolated cannot be expected to interact freely with strangers. Remember that this is a primitive breed that will be very sensitive to your routine and cues, and will adapt to your lifestyle. By nature, they will remain somewhat aloof and reserved with new people until familiarity is achieved. They are very keen at sensing friend or foe.
7. How can I expect my dog to mature?
As a fully matured adult (3-5 years), these remarkable and special companions are noted for their loyalty and devotion to the family, ready to stand their ground and defend their people and property at any time, fulfilling their distinguished, centuries old duties in partnership with mankind. With proper socialization that begins in puppyhood, your TM will be comfortable and dependable in public or in new situations. The appearance of a fully matured TM (large size, heavy bone, profuse coat and a huge, typey head) is something to behold! Sires and dams of our puppies are often on the premises, and we encourage everyone to visit and integrate in with the pack. I never forgot my first TM encounter, and neither will you! Experience the majesty of their noble beauty, the impressive appearance of their size, their soundness of temperament and see the overall quality of our dogs. Visitors always say, "Photos just don’t do them justice!" In this case, seeing IS believing!
8. How are the TMs in warmer climates? Is the TM really hypoallergenic?
Generally speaking, the TM is adaptable to almost any climate and develops coat accordingly. However, we do not recommend that the dogs be kept in a tropical climate where extreme heat and humidity are factors unless indoor air conditioned facilities are available to the dog at all times. Being that TMs do have a longer, thicker double coat, they do not thrive and are lethargic in extreme humidity where fungal skin and ear problems may abound. In their native lands, they experience very cold winters, and very dry, hot summers. Since they shed out most of their coat by early summer, they seem to endure dry heat quite well. When temperatures reach 80+ degrees, the TM's activity level is greatly reduced during the day, and food consumption can drop 25-50 percent. Good common sense dictates that the dogs need an ample supply of fresh water and plenty of shade during the hotter summer months.
And for those with sensitive animal allergies, the news is good. The TM has none of the shedding dander that can make dog ownership a problem for allergy sufferers. Even those with the most sensitive of allergies can enjoy years of healthy interaction with their Tibetan Mastiff.
Health
9. Are there any special health problems associated with this breed?
As an overly diverse breed, thankfully, no. Since Mother Nature is the harshest and most selective of all breeders, the imports that arrived on our shores in the early 1970's descended from the strongest of dogs, culled by generations of severe weather and the treacherous terrain of Tibet. Consequently, as a "natural" breed, there are relatively few widespread health problems associated with the Tibetan Mastiff, in contrast to many of the "man-made" breeds of today. Health problems occasionally seen within this breed are entropian (an inward turning of the lower eyelid), hypothyroidism (a glandular deficiency seen in some lines), and otitus (an infection of the ear canal). Formerly a potential threat to the breed was CIDN, a hereditary peripheral nerve disorder that will be discussed later in detail.
10. Is hip dysplasia a problem in the breed?
Hip Dysplasia is more prevalent in certain other TM bloodlines, but is not a common problem in Tibetan Mastiffs overall, in large pare due to the fact that the TM has evolved as a mountain breed where genetically unsound dogs could not survive to reproduce. By design, the TM is built slightly lighter in the rear than other large breeds, placing less stress and demand on the rear hip joints. As with all large working breeds, correct hip joint formation is of utmost priority. Our goal is not only to use parents who are OFA certified clear of hip dysplasia, but to have generations of ancestors with OFA certified hips as seen in our pedigrees.
Hip dysplasia has a polygenetic mode of inheritance (genes from many ancestors are required) that experts agree is triggered and compounded by poor environmental conditions and improper nutrition, often causing the disorder to appear. Potential breeding stock under two years of age must pass a preliminary x-rays before being bred. After two years of age, x-rays are submitted for OFA certification. Our OFA certificates are kept on file, are available for viewing, and the results are published on the OFA website.
Hip Dysplasia is more prevalent in certain other TM bloodlines, but is not a common problem in Tibetan Mastiffs overall, in large pare due to the fact that the TM has evolved as a mountain breed where genetically unsound dogs could not survive to reproduce. By design, the TM is built slightly lighter in the rear than other large breeds, placing less stress and demand on the rear hip joints. As with all large working breeds, correct hip joint formation is of utmost priority. Our goal is not only to use parents who are OFA certified clear of hip dysplasia, but to have generations of ancestors with OFA certified hips as seen in our pedigrees.
Hip dysplasia has a polygenetic mode of inheritance (genes from many ancestors are required) that experts agree is triggered and compounded by poor environmental conditions and improper nutrition, often causing the disorder to appear. Potential breeding stock under two years of age must pass a preliminary x-rays before being bred. After two years of age, x-rays are submitted for OFA certification. Our OFA certificates are kept on file, are available for viewing, and the results are published on the OFA website.
11. What is the disease known as CIDN?
The disease known as CIDN (Canine Inherited Demyelinative Neuropathy) is a nerve disorder that was found in the Tibetan Mastiff in the early 1980's and diagnosed in young puppies (from 5 weeks on). This disease affected the nerve fibers that run between the spinal cord and the muscles, causing a degeneration of the protective nerve covering (myelin). This loss of insulation allowed impulses from the brain to be lost and/or misdirected, causing a failure to function, primarily in the hind limbs, but the forelimbs were also affected. Detection of this disorder was made before puppies were sold and in their new homes. At this time, there are no affected CIDN puppies being reported throughout the world, with the disease only having appeared in puppies descending from one bloodline. Although all lines were technically "suspect", they are most likely non-affected. This fact has been verified by studies done at Cornell University, who ended their study on CIDN in the late 1980’s.
Care and Training
12. What kind, and how much exercise does this breed need?
The Tibetan Mastiff requires an average amount of exercise, which can be best realized in a spacious yard with a canine companion. As a flock guardian breed predisposed to overseeing their family and home turf, they should not be regularly confined to a small area or dog run. This boredom can lead to destructive and disruptive behavior that can result in personality problems. Frequent interaction with adults and children is recommended, along with long walks and/or romps in spacious areas.
13. Does this breed require special or frequent grooming?
This breed requires relatively little grooming other than a good brushing with a "Slicker" type wire brush several times a week, with special attention to the longer hairs found in the ruff, tail, and leg feathering. The Tibetan Mastiff's coat has been described as weather-resistant, shedding only once a year in early summer. Females may blow their coat an additional time after whelping a litter. Since this breed has no doggy odor, bathing more than once a month is neither recommended nor required.
14. How, when, and why do I use a crate?
You and your dog need to learn at an early age that the crate is a home-away-from-home, but is NOT a cage to be used for confinement. It can and should become a convenient, safe haven for your dog in the home, in the car, at a dog show, and while on vacation. From the puppy stage on, the crate, or the "den" can be used as the bed and as an aid in housebreaking, and rewards should be given to encourage its use.
Organizations and Information
15. Is the Tibetan Mastiff an AKC recognized breed?
Yes, as of January 1, 2007. The TM is now eligible to compete in all AKC events. The TM is also fully recognized by every other kennel club throughout the world. All DRAKYI puppies come with AKC registration papers and a three generation pedigree.
16. Where can I show this breed?
Aside from any AKC or FCI show in the world, there are a growing number of organizations that cater to rare breeds that have all-breed exhibitions.
The disease known as CIDN (Canine Inherited Demyelinative Neuropathy) is a nerve disorder that was found in the Tibetan Mastiff in the early 1980's and diagnosed in young puppies (from 5 weeks on). This disease affected the nerve fibers that run between the spinal cord and the muscles, causing a degeneration of the protective nerve covering (myelin). This loss of insulation allowed impulses from the brain to be lost and/or misdirected, causing a failure to function, primarily in the hind limbs, but the forelimbs were also affected. Detection of this disorder was made before puppies were sold and in their new homes. At this time, there are no affected CIDN puppies being reported throughout the world, with the disease only having appeared in puppies descending from one bloodline. Although all lines were technically "suspect", they are most likely non-affected. This fact has been verified by studies done at Cornell University, who ended their study on CIDN in the late 1980’s.
Care and Training
12. What kind, and how much exercise does this breed need?
The Tibetan Mastiff requires an average amount of exercise, which can be best realized in a spacious yard with a canine companion. As a flock guardian breed predisposed to overseeing their family and home turf, they should not be regularly confined to a small area or dog run. This boredom can lead to destructive and disruptive behavior that can result in personality problems. Frequent interaction with adults and children is recommended, along with long walks and/or romps in spacious areas.
13. Does this breed require special or frequent grooming?
This breed requires relatively little grooming other than a good brushing with a "Slicker" type wire brush several times a week, with special attention to the longer hairs found in the ruff, tail, and leg feathering. The Tibetan Mastiff's coat has been described as weather-resistant, shedding only once a year in early summer. Females may blow their coat an additional time after whelping a litter. Since this breed has no doggy odor, bathing more than once a month is neither recommended nor required.
14. How, when, and why do I use a crate?
You and your dog need to learn at an early age that the crate is a home-away-from-home, but is NOT a cage to be used for confinement. It can and should become a convenient, safe haven for your dog in the home, in the car, at a dog show, and while on vacation. From the puppy stage on, the crate, or the "den" can be used as the bed and as an aid in housebreaking, and rewards should be given to encourage its use.
Organizations and Information
15. Is the Tibetan Mastiff an AKC recognized breed?
Yes, as of January 1, 2007. The TM is now eligible to compete in all AKC events. The TM is also fully recognized by every other kennel club throughout the world. All DRAKYI puppies come with AKC registration papers and a three generation pedigree.
16. Where can I show this breed?
Aside from any AKC or FCI show in the world, there are a growing number of organizations that cater to rare breeds that have all-breed exhibitions.
17. Are there any books on this breed?
Having authored two books on the breed, we have been overwhelmed with requests for information on the Tibetan Mastiff. The historic books that are available are expensive, and with a few exceptions they are generally difficult to find. Frequently the information is exaggerated, incorrect, varying greatly, and reflecting a single historian's experience and observations.
We are happy to recommend The Tibetan Mastiff, Legendary Guardian of the Himalayas by Rohrer & Flamholtz , where many of our dogs and photographs are featured. Our foundation stud dog, Simba, is featured on the front cover, and two of his progeny, Mel and Zorina, are featured on the back cover. This 160 page hardbound book provides a nice introduction to the breed, and a chronicle for the breed during its development in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s.
A must for any serious TM enthusiast is the 1995 release, The Venerable Tibetan Mastiff by Max Siber, revised and edited by Cathy Flamholtz . Translated from a 100+ year-old German text, this book provides a rare look into what the breed was in the unspoiled, pristine Tibet of centuries gone by.
The Ultimate Book of Mastiff Breeds by Douglas Oliff offers an outstanding chapter, complete with photos, on the breed. All of these books can best be ordered online at amazon.com or at bn.com. Additional titles can be found at one of the best known carriers of dog books in the U.S., 4-M Enterprises, Inc. at 1 (800) 467-9867, where you will find the largest selections of books on dogs from the orient.
Having authored two books on the breed, we have been overwhelmed with requests for information on the Tibetan Mastiff. The historic books that are available are expensive, and with a few exceptions they are generally difficult to find. Frequently the information is exaggerated, incorrect, varying greatly, and reflecting a single historian's experience and observations.
We are happy to recommend The Tibetan Mastiff, Legendary Guardian of the Himalayas by Rohrer & Flamholtz , where many of our dogs and photographs are featured. Our foundation stud dog, Simba, is featured on the front cover, and two of his progeny, Mel and Zorina, are featured on the back cover. This 160 page hardbound book provides a nice introduction to the breed, and a chronicle for the breed during its development in the U.S. during the 1970s and 1980s.
A must for any serious TM enthusiast is the 1995 release, The Venerable Tibetan Mastiff by Max Siber, revised and edited by Cathy Flamholtz . Translated from a 100+ year-old German text, this book provides a rare look into what the breed was in the unspoiled, pristine Tibet of centuries gone by.
The Ultimate Book of Mastiff Breeds by Douglas Oliff offers an outstanding chapter, complete with photos, on the breed. All of these books can best be ordered online at amazon.com or at bn.com. Additional titles can be found at one of the best known carriers of dog books in the U.S., 4-M Enterprises, Inc. at 1 (800) 467-9867, where you will find the largest selections of books on dogs from the orient.
Friday, January 30, 2009
Breed standard by American Kennel Club
Here are some of the characteristics of the Tibetan Mastiff breed as determined by the American Kennel Club's published breed standard.
Size: males at least 26 inches, females at least 24 inches
Coat: double coated, fairly long, thick, coarse, soft undercoat, fine, hard, straight
Color: black, brown, blue/gray, gold shades
Eyes: mid-size, brown shade, deep set, set well apart, almond shape, slightly slanting
Ears: mid-size, V-shape, pendant, set high, dropping forward close to head, level with skull
Muzzle: broad, square
Nose: broad, black or dark brown for those with blue/gray, gray, and brown colors
Tail: medium to long length, well-feathered, level with topline of back
Size: males at least 26 inches, females at least 24 inches
Coat: double coated, fairly long, thick, coarse, soft undercoat, fine, hard, straight
Color: black, brown, blue/gray, gold shades
Eyes: mid-size, brown shade, deep set, set well apart, almond shape, slightly slanting
Ears: mid-size, V-shape, pendant, set high, dropping forward close to head, level with skull
Muzzle: broad, square
Nose: broad, black or dark brown for those with blue/gray, gray, and brown colors
Tail: medium to long length, well-feathered, level with topline of back
More facts
What is known is that he was the dog of the Tibetan nomads, the Drukpas, and he guarded the encampments and the people. They were not used for protecting livestock; this was done by the Himalayan or Tibetan Sheepdog. They made their way out of the Drukpa encampments as the guarding abilities and imposing presence of the Tibetan Mastiff were recognised, though those who went out into the wider world would not have had the same forbidding presence.
The task of the Tibetan Mastiff was was to be protective and wary of strangers, barking a warning but never displaying unwonted aggression although appearing sufficiently ferocious to warn unwelcome visitors off. In the Drupka camps he was cared for by the women and children and they would lead him away when the visitor was a welcome one.
The Tibetan Mastiff has been seen in the west since 1834 and dogs of excellent type, which could compete with the best today, were sent to Queen Victoria and her son at different times during the 19th century. The first Tibetan Mastiff Standard was drawn up in 1934 by the Tibetan Breeds Association. One of the members of the Association was Mrs Bailey herself.
The Tibetan Mastiff gives an impression of being a powerful, heavy and well built dog with plenty of bone; he measures a minimum of 66cm in dogs and 61cm for bitches, and is heavily built, though not with the massive frame common in other mastiff breeds. He is usually black or black and tan, but can also be found in gold and shades of grey. The dogs carry a heavier coat than the bitches; it is fine but hard and stands off the body with an undercoat which varies according to the weather. When present, in cold weather, it is dense and woolly. A pin brush and rake are probably the best equipment to keep him smart.
The Tibetan Mastifff is generally good natured and will fit in with family life, but is strong-willed and independent and does not train easily; early socialising and training is vital. Like the majority of the working breeds the Tibetan Mastiff is not a breed for novices. A more demanding dog than most, if you think the Tibetan Mastiff may be the breed for you, contact the Breed Club and breeders who will be able to give you a closer insight into the breed.
The task of the Tibetan Mastiff was was to be protective and wary of strangers, barking a warning but never displaying unwonted aggression although appearing sufficiently ferocious to warn unwelcome visitors off. In the Drupka camps he was cared for by the women and children and they would lead him away when the visitor was a welcome one.
The Tibetan Mastiff has been seen in the west since 1834 and dogs of excellent type, which could compete with the best today, were sent to Queen Victoria and her son at different times during the 19th century. The first Tibetan Mastiff Standard was drawn up in 1934 by the Tibetan Breeds Association. One of the members of the Association was Mrs Bailey herself.
The Tibetan Mastiff gives an impression of being a powerful, heavy and well built dog with plenty of bone; he measures a minimum of 66cm in dogs and 61cm for bitches, and is heavily built, though not with the massive frame common in other mastiff breeds. He is usually black or black and tan, but can also be found in gold and shades of grey. The dogs carry a heavier coat than the bitches; it is fine but hard and stands off the body with an undercoat which varies according to the weather. When present, in cold weather, it is dense and woolly. A pin brush and rake are probably the best equipment to keep him smart.
The Tibetan Mastifff is generally good natured and will fit in with family life, but is strong-willed and independent and does not train easily; early socialising and training is vital. Like the majority of the working breeds the Tibetan Mastiff is not a breed for novices. A more demanding dog than most, if you think the Tibetan Mastiff may be the breed for you, contact the Breed Club and breeders who will be able to give you a closer insight into the breed.
Thursday, January 29, 2009
Facts about Tibetan mastiff
For many Tibetan Mastiff breeders, owners and fanciers, there is simply no other breed that captures the beauty, nobility or the magic of the Tibetan Mastiff breed. But the Tibetan Mastiff breed is NOT for everyone so please ensure that you thoroughly investigate the true character and requirements of the breed. Acquiring a TM is a lifetime commitment so it is important that you prepare yourself before making the huge decision to welcome one of these dogs into your home. While there are too many aspects of the Tibetan Mastiff to explore in any document, the following is a quick guide to help you determine whether the Tibetan Mastiff might be the right dog for you, your family and your lifestyle.
The Tibetan Mastiff is a primitive GUARDIAN breed.The powerful Tibetan Mastiff is a naturally protective and territorial dog. This means he will guard your property (house, yard, car, other pets, etc.) and your person. It also means that he will be typically suspicious and reserved with new people and situations. A securely fenced yard is a must!
The Tibetan Mastiff is a highly INDEPENDENT and INTELLIGENT breed.The Tibetan Mastiff exhibits an extremely independent, stubborn nature and a wondrous depth of intelligence and character. He does not tend to show any of the attributes of the more obedient/trainable breeds that can be taught to perform simple or complex routines. Leash training is a must. While other more domesticated, people-pleasing breeds may enjoy fetching games, the primitive Tibetan Mastiff focuses on his working abilities which include guarding, alerting through barking, patrolling and basic territorial/dominant behavior. This breed has been bred for thousands of years to do so and it is unwise to think that you will change that.
The Tibetan Mastiff requires an INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP with his owner.Committed and interactive owners are required to teach boundaries and guide a dog through the steps of basic dog manners. The Tibetan Mastiff is considered to be a challenging breed to care for and lifelong training requires dedicated work. Respect and patience are the essential keys to this breed.
The Tibetan Mastiff needs SOCIALIZATION.Because his guarding tendencies are instinctual the Tibetan Mastiff needs a great deal of socialization. He needs to be introduced to many people, places and different situations right from early puppy-hood and well into the first two years of his life. Appropriate socialization leads to confident, well-adjusted and reliable dogs.
The Tibetan Mastiff requires a FENCED YARD.This is a guardian breed and it is neither wise nor responsible to allow a guardian breed to be loose on your property, be it a surrounding open yard or acreage. Not only do these dogs have a strong tendency to roam but they are also very protective of their home, yard and family. No breeder wants to get the call that a puppy that s/he has bred has been hit by a car, is lost, has been attacked by a wild animal or stray dog, or has bitten a stranger or UPS driver.
The Tibetan Mastiff can be DESTRUCTIVE, an ESCAPE ARTIST and a nuisance BARKER.Destructive behavior due to boredom or anxiety is not uncommon for the Tibetan Mastiff. Solid and secure containment areas are a must with this breed. When left outside overnight, nocturnal barking is a common complaint.
The Tibetan Mastiff is SENSITIVE to change.The Tibetan Mastiff thrives on routine and familiarity. Frequent arguments, loud voices, turbulent, excited lifestyles and/or professions (i.e. military life) that result in numerous disruptions can tend to undermine the confidence of this breed. The resulting unbalance can lead to over-protective, reactive behavior and health issues.
The Tibetan Mastiff is a SLOW-MATURING breed.Although the Tibetan Mastiff is a large-to-giant breed, it has a relatively long lifespan. Ten to fourteen years is typical. The breed is very slow to mature. While it is usually agreed upon that females mature quicker than males, both genders can take up to 4-7 years to fully mature to their physical potential.
The Tibetan Mastiff is affected by the changing of the SEASONS.The Tibetan Mastiff normally sheds his wooly undercoat only once in the springtime and bitches typically reproduce only once a year. He may become very inactive during the warmer months and his feeding patterns may change.
The Tibetan Mastiff loves a COLD climate.The Tibetan Mastiff does not typically do well in extremely hot and humid conditions. This does not mean that he cannot live in warmer climates but it does mean that he should be provided access to air-conditioned facilities during the summer.
The Tibetan Mastiff is generally tolerant of CHILDREN and OTHER PETS.The Tibetan Mastiff does best with adult-supervised children who have been taught to be respectful and who show consideration for the dog’s space. Extra care should be shown for visiting children as children’s play may seem threatening or alarming. The Tibetan Mastiff seems to do best with other household pets when he is introduced to them as a puppy.
The Tibetan Mastiff can be SAME-SEX AGGRESSIVE.If you currently own a dog and are considering adding a Tibetan Mastiff as a second dog, it is best to consider getting a puppy of the opposite gender. Same-sex aggression is often a reality when two males or females vie for dominance. Neutering/spaying does not guarantee that same-sex adult dogs will live in harmony with each other.
The Tibetan Mastiff is a primitive GUARDIAN breed.The powerful Tibetan Mastiff is a naturally protective and territorial dog. This means he will guard your property (house, yard, car, other pets, etc.) and your person. It also means that he will be typically suspicious and reserved with new people and situations. A securely fenced yard is a must!
The Tibetan Mastiff is a highly INDEPENDENT and INTELLIGENT breed.The Tibetan Mastiff exhibits an extremely independent, stubborn nature and a wondrous depth of intelligence and character. He does not tend to show any of the attributes of the more obedient/trainable breeds that can be taught to perform simple or complex routines. Leash training is a must. While other more domesticated, people-pleasing breeds may enjoy fetching games, the primitive Tibetan Mastiff focuses on his working abilities which include guarding, alerting through barking, patrolling and basic territorial/dominant behavior. This breed has been bred for thousands of years to do so and it is unwise to think that you will change that.
The Tibetan Mastiff requires an INTERACTIVE RELATIONSHIP with his owner.Committed and interactive owners are required to teach boundaries and guide a dog through the steps of basic dog manners. The Tibetan Mastiff is considered to be a challenging breed to care for and lifelong training requires dedicated work. Respect and patience are the essential keys to this breed.
The Tibetan Mastiff needs SOCIALIZATION.Because his guarding tendencies are instinctual the Tibetan Mastiff needs a great deal of socialization. He needs to be introduced to many people, places and different situations right from early puppy-hood and well into the first two years of his life. Appropriate socialization leads to confident, well-adjusted and reliable dogs.
The Tibetan Mastiff requires a FENCED YARD.This is a guardian breed and it is neither wise nor responsible to allow a guardian breed to be loose on your property, be it a surrounding open yard or acreage. Not only do these dogs have a strong tendency to roam but they are also very protective of their home, yard and family. No breeder wants to get the call that a puppy that s/he has bred has been hit by a car, is lost, has been attacked by a wild animal or stray dog, or has bitten a stranger or UPS driver.
The Tibetan Mastiff can be DESTRUCTIVE, an ESCAPE ARTIST and a nuisance BARKER.Destructive behavior due to boredom or anxiety is not uncommon for the Tibetan Mastiff. Solid and secure containment areas are a must with this breed. When left outside overnight, nocturnal barking is a common complaint.
The Tibetan Mastiff is SENSITIVE to change.The Tibetan Mastiff thrives on routine and familiarity. Frequent arguments, loud voices, turbulent, excited lifestyles and/or professions (i.e. military life) that result in numerous disruptions can tend to undermine the confidence of this breed. The resulting unbalance can lead to over-protective, reactive behavior and health issues.
The Tibetan Mastiff is a SLOW-MATURING breed.Although the Tibetan Mastiff is a large-to-giant breed, it has a relatively long lifespan. Ten to fourteen years is typical. The breed is very slow to mature. While it is usually agreed upon that females mature quicker than males, both genders can take up to 4-7 years to fully mature to their physical potential.
The Tibetan Mastiff is affected by the changing of the SEASONS.The Tibetan Mastiff normally sheds his wooly undercoat only once in the springtime and bitches typically reproduce only once a year. He may become very inactive during the warmer months and his feeding patterns may change.
The Tibetan Mastiff loves a COLD climate.The Tibetan Mastiff does not typically do well in extremely hot and humid conditions. This does not mean that he cannot live in warmer climates but it does mean that he should be provided access to air-conditioned facilities during the summer.
The Tibetan Mastiff is generally tolerant of CHILDREN and OTHER PETS.The Tibetan Mastiff does best with adult-supervised children who have been taught to be respectful and who show consideration for the dog’s space. Extra care should be shown for visiting children as children’s play may seem threatening or alarming. The Tibetan Mastiff seems to do best with other household pets when he is introduced to them as a puppy.
The Tibetan Mastiff can be SAME-SEX AGGRESSIVE.If you currently own a dog and are considering adding a Tibetan Mastiff as a second dog, it is best to consider getting a puppy of the opposite gender. Same-sex aggression is often a reality when two males or females vie for dominance. Neutering/spaying does not guarantee that same-sex adult dogs will live in harmony with each other.
History of the breed
This is an ancient breed, descended from very early large Tibetan dogs from which many of today's Molossuses are descended. The first known record of a Tibetan mastiff was in 1121 BC, when a dog trained for hunting was given to a Chinese emperor. Marco Polo encountered the large Tibetan dogs in his travels and described them as "tall as a donkey with a voice as powerful as that of a lion." They were used as guard dogs outside the sacred city of Lhasa. This dog might be able to over power its owner but they like most guard dogs need a firm hand In the early 19th century, King George IV owned a pair, and there were enough of the breed in England in 1906 to be shown at the 1906 Crystal Palace show. However, during the war years, the breed lost favor and focus and nearly died out in England. Gaining in popularity worldwide, there are more and more active breeders, although the breed is still considered somewhat uncommon. Initially the breed suffered because of the limited genepool from the original stock, but today's reputable breeders work hard at reducing the genetic problems through selective breeding and the international exchange of new bloodlines.In 2008, the Tibetan Mastiff competed for the first time in the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show.
Temperament
The native type of dog, which still exists in Tibet, and the Westernized purebred breed can vary in temperament. Experts state, "The few individuals that remain in Tibet are ferocious and aggressive, unpredictable in their behavior, and very difficult to train. But the dogs bred by the English are obedient and attached to their masters." Others claim that the ferocity of those in Tibet is due to selective breeding and their training as guard dogs rather than companion dogs, as reflected by their Tibetan name, "tied dogs." Many breeders throughout Asia are now seeking to preserve and breed the larger, original, more protective Tibetan Mastiff while Western breeders have sought to stabilize the temperament, in both size varieties.As a flock guardian dog in Tibet, it is tenacious in its ability to confront predators the size of wolves and lleopards. As a socialized, more domestic Western dog, it thrives in a spacious, fenced yard with a canine companion, but it is not an appropriate dog for apartment living. The Western-bred dogs are generally more easy-going, although somewhat aloof with strangers coming to the home. Through hundreds of years of selective breeding for a protective flock and family guardian, the breed has been prized for being a nocturnal sentry, keeping would-be predators and intruders at bay, barking at sounds throughout the night. Leaving a Tibetan Mastiff outside all night with neighbors nearby is not recommended.Like all flock guardian breeds, they are intelligent and stubborn to a fault, so obedience training are recommended since this is a strong-willed, powerful breed. Socialization is also critical with this breed because of their reserved nature with strangers and guarding instincts. They are excellent family dogs.Newspaper reports have been suggesting that a pair of these Mastiff have killed even tigers while guarding sheeps in highlands of Nepal.
Physical attributes
The Tibetan Mastiff is among the largest breeds. It is found in a heavier mastiff type and a more moderately sized mountain type. Its sturdy bone structure and large, wide head makes it appear considerably more massive than other dogs of a similar height. It can reach heights up to 31+ inches (80+cm) at the withers, although the standard for the breed is typically in the 25 to 28 inch (61 to 72 cm) range. History records the largest of the breed weighing over 110 kg but dogs in America are more typically between 100lb (45kg) to 160lb (72kg). The Tibetan Mastiff is considered a primitive breed and is one of the only dog breeds that have a single oestrus per year instead of two. This characteristic is still found in more primitive canids species like wolf. Since their oestrus usually takes place during late fall, most Tibetan Mastiff puppies are born between December and January.Its double coat is long, and found in a wide variety of colors from solid black to tri-color with the rarest being white. Like other types of mastiffs, the larger variety has a heavier head and more pronounced wrinkling, while the mountain type has a smoother brow with less jowling, giving them a drier mouth than other mastiff breeds. They are also hypoallergenic with a thick double coat that only sheds once per year.Tibetan Mastiffs are separated by Chinese breed-standard into two categories - Lion Head (relatively smaller in size, exceptionally long hair from forehead to withers, creating a ruff or mane) and Tiger Head ( larger in size, shorter hair)
Do Khyi - description
The Tibetan Mastiff (Do-khyi) is a very ancient breed and type of domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris) originating with nomadic cultures of Central Asia, and is especially identified with Tibet.The English name, Tibetan Mastiff, is reflected in the name 'Bhote Kukur' in Nepali, which means Tibetan Dog. In Mandarin the name is 藏獒 (Zang'Ao) and in Mongolia it is called "bankhar", meaning "guard dog". The Tibetan name, Do-khyi, means 'tied dog', reflecting its use as a home guard, much as the old English ban-dog (also meaning tied dog) was a dog tied outside the home as a guardian. The molosser type with which the modern Tibetan Mastiff breed is linked was known across the ancient world by many names.
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